Psychostimulants are a class of medications commonly used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other conditions such as narcolepsy and depression. The most commonly prescribed psychostimulants are methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamine (e.g., Adderall).
Dopamine and Norepinephrine #
Psychostimulants work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters are involved in the brain’s reward and motivation pathways, as well as in attention, alertness, and arousal.
Methylphenidate and amphetamine work slightly differently in the brain, but both medications increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine by blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters. By blocking reuptake, these medications allow these neurotransmitters to stay in the synapse longer, enhancing their effects.
The increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain help to improve symptoms of ADHD, such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Psychostimulants can also improve mood and energy levels in people with depression.
Side Effects and Abuse #
It is important to note that psychostimulants can have side effects, including decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. These side effects should be monitored closely by a healthcare provider. Psychostimulants also have the potential for abuse and dependence, so they should only be taken as prescribed and under the supervision of a healthcare provider.
Common Psychostimulants #
The most commonly prescribed psychostimulants are:
- Methylphenidate: sold under brand names like Ritalin, Concerta, and Daytrana.
- Amphetamine: sold under brand names like Adderall, Dexedrine, and Vyvanse.
Both methylphenidate and amphetamine are used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. They are also sometimes used off-label to treat depression or other conditions.
Other less commonly prescribed psychostimulants include:
- Modafinil: sold under brand names like Provigil and Alertec. It is used to treat narcolepsy and other sleep disorders, as well as fatigue associated with conditions such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease.
- Armodafinil: sold under brand names like Nuvigil and Waklert. It is also used to treat narcolepsy and other sleep disorders, as well as fatigue associated with conditions such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease.
- Lisdexamfetamine: sold under the brand name Vyvanse. It is used to treat ADHD and binge eating disorder.